The stages of collective bargaining are preparation, opening the negotiation, bargaining and closure and agreement. The preparation stage in collective bargaining is where the parties are preparing before the collective bargaining process has occurred. Collective bargaining take place at different levels in India; collective bargaining agreements have been taking place at five different levels. The levels of collective bargaining vary from region to region, industry to industry and union to union. Bargaining levels are the various levels or hierarchies at which collective bargaining is done to resolve the dispute between the employer and trade union. The different bargaining levels can be unit level, plant level, industry level, territorial or geographical level & national level bargaining. Collective bargaining is a tool used to solve workplace problems. The sole objective of this negotiation is to arrive at an agreement between workers and employers thus cementing effectiveness, efficiency and productivity in the workplace.

Abhijith S

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