A cardiac surgeon is a type of cardiothoracic surgeon that specialises in operations on the heart, its valves and structures, as well as the major veins and arteries that surround it. General cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in the upper abdomen's organs, including the lungs, oesophagus, and heart. Cardiac surgeons solely work on the heart. A cardiovascular surgeon is another term for a cardiac surgeon. A congenital heart surgeon is also a cardiac surgeon who specialises in surgery for congenital heart abnormalities, which are present from birth. These operations are typically performed on newborns and children, however adults are occasionally included. Cardiologists, or doctors who specialise in detecting and treating heart problems, are not cardiac surgeons. Because most cardiologists do not do heart procedures, they often send patients to a cardiac surgeon when necessary. They often perform diagnostic tests and assist patients in managing chronic cardiac diseases. They may do modest surgical treatments such as stent placement to keep arteries open.

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