Cardiologists are trained to treat heart attacks, heart failure, heart valve disease, arrhythmia, and hypertension. Cardiologists operate in both hospitals and private offices. Cardiologists may do physical examinations, arrange testing (such as an electrocardiogram (EKG), blood tests, and exercise stress tests), and interpret tests to reach a diagnosis. They may also give medication and advise on lifestyle modifications such as nutrition, exercise, stress reduction, and weight management. Cardiologists can undertake operations such as pacemaker implantation or cardiac catheter insertion. Cardiologists may lecture at universities and do laboratory research to find new therapies. These clinicians have had specialised training in cardiology. Cardiologists often attend medical school before specialising in heart-related fields. A normal cardiologist completes at least ten years of medical school. This involves four years of medical school and three years of internal medicine residency. Finally, a cardiologist must complete three years of further cardiology-specific medical training.

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